# Introduction
Nouns in Tupi Antigo, much like verbs and adjectives, are just different inflections and uses of the same roots.
# Phonetic Considerations
In Tupi Antigo, there are two possible root endings:
# Root Forms
vowel (not -a)
rendering... |
consonant
rendering... |
|---|---|
rendering... rendering... | rendering... rendering... |
WARNING
Nouns in tupi must always end in a
-a.# Noun Forms
vowel (not -a)
rendering... |
consonant
rendering... |
|---|---|
rendering... rendering... | rendering... rendering... |
You can see that between the root form and the noun form,
# Transitive Considerations
A big difference between these two roots other than their phonetic qualities is the fact that
So if we say xe kera then that means something like my sleep, it can be thought of as a possessive or a subject-marking relationship because there is no object space to the left of an intransitive root like
This means that
On the other hand, if I say xe îuká then it is not indicating possession or marking a subject, but rather an object. I am what is being murdered. This is because transitive roots necessarily will have their object directly to the left of them at all times.
TIP
It can even be helpful to write it fixed like xeîuká if that helps to conceptualize how stuck together the object and the transitive root are.
Now, if I want to use possession or agency with a transitive root, as long as we know what the object is, we can still do it the same way. You can tell the difference between the verb forms and the noun forms here:
| Noun | English | Verb | English |
|---|---|---|---|
nde xeîuká | your murder of me | xeîuká îepé | you murdered me |
xe ndeîuká | my murder of you | xe oroîuká | I murdered you |
# Circumstantial Form
Nouns can recieve a suffix -(s)aba in order to express the time, location, instrument, place, etc. of a given root. These types of nouns describe the circumstances surounding an action, rather like the simple nouns ending in -a/ø, which represent the act itself.
The phonetic rules guiding this inflection are as follows:
| Root Ending | Suffix | Example Root | Translation | Circumstantial Form | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal Vowel | -ab | rendering... rendering... | to protect | tarõaba | protection, safe place, etc. |
| ng | -ab | rendering... rendering... | to speak | nhe'engaba | proverb, discourse, place to speak, etc. |
| Nasal Vowel + î | -ndab | rendering... rendering... | to call, invoke | enõîndaba | name, way of calling someone/something, etc. |
| Vowel + î | -tab | rendering... rendering... | to forget | esaraîtaba | something forgotten |
| 'o | -ûab | rendering... rendering... | to threaten | angaûaba | the way, place, time or an insult, threat |
| -b | -pab | rendering... rendering... | to know | kuapaba | knowledge; time, place of knowing; school; encyclopedia |
| -m | -mbab | rendering... rendering... | to stand | 'ambaba | place to stand, way of standing, time to stand, etc. |
| -n | -ndab | rendering... rendering... | to scrape, shave | pindaba | place to shave, tool to shave: razor, etc. |
| -r | -sab | rendering... rendering... | to sing | nhe'engasaba | place to sing, way of singing, etc. |
| -i | -îab | rendering... rendering... | to assassinate | apitîaba | time, place, method of assassination. |
| -u | -ûab | rendering... rendering... | to prevent/harm | arûaba | time, place, purpose of harm/obstruction |
| -y | -ŷab | rendering... rendering... | to violate/infringe | abŷaba | time, place, etc. of violation; transgression |
| -é | -esab | rendering... rendering... | to finish, perfect, mature | aûîesaba | conclusion; place, time, method of maturing/perfecting |
| -ó | -osab | rendering... rendering... | to go | sosaba | method, time of going |
| -á | -asab | rendering... rendering... | to steal | mondaba | what was stolen |