# Roots
In Tupi Antigo, it can often be unproductive to try to think of "words of content" in terms of being inherently nouns or verbs. We will refer to the most basic form of lema in tupi by the word Root.
# Charectaristics of Roots
Each root has certain attributes about it which will affect the ways and places in which we can inflect and use this root.
# Transitivity
A root can be either Transitive or Intransitive.
When a verb is transitive, it accepts an object.
| Subject | Verb | Object |
|---|---|---|
rendering... rendering... | rendering... rendering... | rendering... rendering... |
| I | love | him |
When a verb is intransitive, it does not accept an object.
| Subject | Verb | Object |
|---|---|---|
rendering... rendering... | rendering... rendering... | ø |
| I | ran | ø |
What does that look like in practice? Well, it means that transitive verbs someone or something to recieve the action. On the other hand, intransitive verbs are more independent; they can happen with only a subject involved.
# First Class (Active)
Tupi Antigo is considered to have an Active/Stative split by many academics. This means that there is a difference between a verb of action, which we refer to as first class verbs. First class verbs may be transitive or intransitive, meaning they may accept an object or not.
The first class verbs like
| Lema | Person | Subject Pronoun | Subject Prefix | Conjugation | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | 1ps | rendering... | rendering... | rendering... | I slept |
| You | 2ps | rendering... | rendering... | rendering... | You slept |
| We (Exclusive) | 1ppe | rendering... | rendering... | rendering... | We (not you) slept |
| We (Inclusive) | 1ppi | rendering... | rendering... | rendering... | We all slept |
| Y'all | 2pp | rendering... | rendering... | rendering... | You all slept |
| They | 3p | rendering... | rendering... | rendering... | They slept |
# Second Class (Stative)
TIP
Second class verbs are never transitive.
Verbs like
| Lema | Person | Prefix (Pluriform) | Conjugation | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | 1ps | rendering... (r) | rendering... | I remembered |
| You | 2ps | rendering... (r) | rendering... | You remembered |
| We (Exclusive) | 1ppe | rendering... (r) | rendering... | We (not you) remembered |
| We (Inclusive) | 1ppi | rendering... (r) | rendering... | We all remembered |
| Y'all | 2pp | rendering... (r) | rendering... | You all remembered |
| They | 3p | rendering... /(s) | rendering... | They remembered |
# Pluriform
Any root may be what is called a pluriform meaning that it will recieve specific prefixes governed based on it's class of plurformality.
| Pluriform Type | Absolute | Possession | 3p |
|---|---|---|---|
| None | ø | ø | ø |
| (r, s) | ø | r- | s- |
| (t) | t- | r- | s- |
| (t, t) | t- | r- | t- |
| (s, r, s) | s- | r- | s- |
In addition to these pluriforms, some roots which begin with p- in the possessive and 3p cases will shift to m- in the absolute cases:
| Possessive | Absolute |
|---|---|
| xe porombo'esara | morombo'esara |
| My teacher | Teacher (in general) |
# Conclusion
These concepts will be discussed in further detail in later sections, feel free to skip around 😃