# Introduction
Nothing in Tupi Antigo is strictly an adjective but almost anything can be used as one. Second class verbs will imply the verbs to have and to be when we used them in conjunction with the personal perfixes
# Second Class Verbs
Many other Tupinistas refer to second class verbs as stative verbs or descriptive verbs. That is, they are verbs which describe the state of someone/something rather than an action. As a result of this, when we translate them into Portuguese or English, we often end up using adjectives in their place. Therefore, when you use an adjective in Tupi, you are really just using a second class verb. Let me show you some examples:
# Roots ending in -a
WARNING
Do not confuse the dictionary entries that are nouns (s.) with the dictionary entries which indicate a pluriform transitive verb (s). The only difference is a period unfortunately.
If a dictionary entry ends with a non-tonic a (meaning the stress is not on the last vowel) then it can be used as a second class verb by removing the -a noun suffix:
Let's see what that looks like with
| English | Person | Example |
|---|---|---|
| I (am) rude | 1ps | rendering... |
| You (are) rude | 2ps | rendering... |
| We (are) rude (excl.) | 1ppe | rendering... |
| We (are) rude (incl.) | 1ppi | rendering... |
| Y'all (are) rude | 2pp | rendering... |
| They (are) rude | 3p | rendering... |
Now if we put the -a suffix which turns roots into nouns back, this statement becomes possesive:
| English | Person | Example |
|---|---|---|
| My rudeness | 1ps | rendering... |
| Your rudeness | 2ps | rendering... |
| Our rudeness (excl.) | 1ppe | rendering... |
| Our rudeness (incl.) | 1ppi | rendering... |
| Y'all's rudeness | 2pp | rendering... |
| Their rudeness | 3p | rendering... |
# Vowel ending nouns (s.)
If a root ends with a
a) then it can be used directly as a second class verb without changing it at all from the noun form. Likewise when you see a second class verb or adjective in the dictionary, you do not need to change it to make it a noun if it follows this phonetic pattern. WARNING
This means that the following phrases are ambiguous without more context. We rely on context heavily for disambiguity, especially in languages which were not traditionally written.
Let's see what that looks like with
| English | Person | Example |
|---|---|---|
| I (am) sad / My sadness | 1ps | rendering... |
| You (are) sad / Your sadness | 2ps | rendering... |
| We (are) sad / Our sadness (excl.) | 1ppe | rendering... |
| We (are) sad / Our sadness (incl.) | 1ppi | rendering... |
| Y'all (are) sad / Y'all's sadness | 2pp | rendering... |
| They (are) sad / Their sadness | 3p | rendering... |