# Indicative Mood

The indicative mood is the most common. We are describing the happenings of reality.

The following chapter will lay out the steps to take in order to conjugate any root in the indicative mood.

# Second Class Verbs

Second class verbs recieve the following subject prefixes:

Lema	Person	Prefix (Pluriform)
I	1ps	rendering... (r)
You	2ps	rendering... (r)
We (Exclusive)	1ppe	rendering... (r)
We (Inclusive)	1ppi	rendering... (r)
Y'all	2pp	rendering... (r)
They	3p	rendering... /(s)

WARNING

There is no pro drop form of second class verbs, which is another reason we consider these to be prefixes and not pronouns. They are necessary.

We will write these "prefixes" as though they were pronouns due to orthographic convention, but it's important to note that they are inseperable from the root. This is why they are included in the Negation process, whereas the subject pronouns of first class roots are not. More on this later.

# Uniform Roots

Given a uniform, second class root like

rendering...

(to remember), we will conjugate it as follows:

English	Person	Example
I	1ps	rendering...
You	2ps	rendering...
We (Exclusive)	1ppe	rendering...
We (Inclusive)	1ppi	rendering...
Y'all	2pp	rendering...
They	3p	rendering...

Practice

Given the root

rendering...

(sad), translate the follow to tupi:
He is sad.

Practice

I am sad.

Nice Job! Super easy!

# Pluriform Roots

Now let's look at a pluriform root, like

rendering...

(to go through puberty):

English	Person	Example
I	1ps	rendering...
You	2ps	rendering...
We (Exclusive)	1ppe	rendering...
We (Inclusive)	1ppi	rendering...
Y'all	2pp	rendering...
They	3p	rendering...

TIP

When a second class root is pluriform, add an r- prefix.

WARNING

Notice how in the

, rather than a personal pronoun + r- we are getting a single s- which takes the place of the i pronoun used in the above uniform case.

Practice

Given the root

rendering...

(happy), translate the follow to tupi:
Y'all are happy.

Practice

She is happy.

Practice

Given the root

rendering...

(famous), translate the follow to tupi:
You are famous.

It really is that easy!

# First Class Verbs

First class verbs recieve the following subject pronouns (optional) and subject prefixes (required):

Lema	Person	Subject Pronoun	Subject Prefix
I	1ps	rendering...	rendering...
You	2ps	rendering...	rendering...
We (Exclusive)	1ppe	rendering...	rendering...
We (Inclusive)	1ppi	rendering...	rendering...
Y'all	2pp	rendering...	rendering...
They	3p	rendering...	rendering...

First class verbs are split between intransitive and transtitive verbs.

Simply put, there are roots which syntactically take no object: (intransitive)

rendering...

rendering...

I speak

WARNING

Atlhough some verbs are intransitive, they can often be combined with postpositions to serve the role of indirect objects. For example:

rendering...

i xupé

I spoke to them

This will be expanded upon in later chapters.

There are also roots which must be accompanied by an object: (transitive)

rendering...

rendering...

I love things

TIP

In the above statement, the root

rendering...

must carry an object. If we want to use a generic object, we will use mba'e for things and poro/moro for people.

# Intransitive Roots

First class intransitive roots in the indicative mood are even more straightforward than second class verbs, the syntax is just a bit different.

Given a uniform, first class root like

rendering...

(to sleep), we will conjugate it as follows:

English	Person	Example
I	1ps	rendering...
You	2ps	rendering...
We (Exclusive)	1ppe	rendering...
We (Inclusive)	1ppi	rendering...
Y'all	2pp	rendering...
They	3p	rendering...

TIP

There are no pluriform intransitive first class verbs 😃 there are some irregular intransitive roots which are pluriform in their nominal form (not verb form!) but we will discuss this further later. Don't worry about it for now!

# Transitive Roots

TIP

All transitive verbs are of the first class!

If you thought the intransitive verbs were too easy to conjugate, then transitive verbs are about to give you a reality check! But don't worry, let's break down each possible case step-by-step:

# 3p object, any subject

No matter which person-tense the subject may be in (1p/2p/3p), if the object is in the

then the conjugation pattern will be very similar to the intransitive first class verbs. The main difference you'll notice below is that we insert an -î- in between the subject prefix and the root:

rendering...

(to spear)

rendering...

fish I-(it)-spear (literal)

I speared a fish (translation)

In Tupi Antigo, the object must always fill the space directly to the left of the root OV. The referential 3p object infix -î- (–s-) allows us to move the direct object (pirá) more freely around the root without technically breaking this rule. It's like a placeholder! A bit like it in English, but not exactly. It takes some time to get used to, but you'll get the hang of it 😄

# Uniform roots

The following orders are permitted when the object is in the

rendering...

(to spear)

Verb Format	Type	Example	Translation
[Object] [Subject Prefix]-[î]-[Root]	Preverbal Object	rendering...	I speared a fish
[Subject Prefix]-[Object]-[Root]	Incorporated Object	rendering...	I speared a fish
[Subject Prefix]-[î]-[Root] [Object]	Postverbal Object	rendering...	I speared a fish

WARNING

When the object is

, we must include -î- (there are exceptions).

Notice in the incorporated form, we do not use the referential 3p object infix -î- (–s-). Because the direct object is in it's space directly to the left of the root, the use of -î- is unnecessary (and unpermitted)

Roots with only one syllable will recieve the infix -îo- as a simple phonetic change to -î-, it does not change the meaning in this context. (i.e.

rendering...

- I broke them)

Do not confuse with the mutual infix –îo– which will only be used when the subject and object are the same and plural. This concept will be explained further in later chapters.

a select few irregular verbs will recieve -îos– although this is not common.

# Pluriform roots

Let's take a look at the same thing with a pluriform root:

rendering...

(to see)

Verb Format	Type	Example	Translation
[Object] [Subject Prefix]-[î]-[Root]	Preverbal Object	rendering...	I saw a fish
[Subject Prefix]-[Object]-[Root]	Incorporated Object	rendering...	I saw a fish
[Subject Prefix]-[î]-[Root] [Object]	Postverbal Object	rendering...	I saw a fish

As you can see, in this case the only difference is that the -î- has a phonetic change to -s-. This does not change the meaning at all, they represent the same referential 3p object infix.

And an example of each of the different subject prefixes:

English	Person	Example	Translation
I	1ps	rendering...	I saw them
You	2ps	rendering...	You saw them
We (Exclusive)	1ppe	rendering...	We, not you, saw them
We (Inclusive)	1ppi	rendering...	We all saw them
Y'all	2pp	rendering...	Y'all saw them
They	3p	rendering...	They saw them

The following orders are permitted for the rest of the cases:

rendering...

(to spear) (object not in the 3rd person)

Subject	Order	Example	Translation
3p	OV / OVS / SOV	rendering... / rendering... / rendering...	They speared me
2p	OVS	rendering...	You speared me
1p	OV / SOV	rendering... / rendering...	I speared you

Let's go over each of these cases:

# 3p subject, 1p or 2p object

In this case, it looks very similar to the second class subject prefixes, although these same personal pronouns will serve as object prefixes in this transitive case.

The subject can either go before (SOV) or after (OVS).

# Uniform

Let's see (OVS) with a uniform root like:

rendering...

(to spear)

English	Object Person	Example
Me	1ps	rendering...
You	2ps	rendering...
Us (Exclusive)	1ppe	rendering...
Us (Inclusive)	1ppi	rendering...
Y'all	2pp	rendering...

# Pluriform

Now (SOV) with a pluriforme root like:

rendering...

(to see)

English	Object Person	Example
Me	1ps	rendering...
You	2ps	rendering...
Us (Exclusive)	1ppe	rendering...
Us (Inclusive)	1ppi	rendering...
Y'all	2pp	rendering...

# 2p subject, 1p object

This form must always be (OVS). Take a look at the following 2p subject pronouns we will be using for this form (and only this form):

Lema	Person	Subject Pronoun
You	2ps	rendering...
Y'all	2pp	rendering...

# Uniform

Let's keep going with the same root so you can see the differences:

rendering...

(to spear)

English	Object Person	Subject Person	Example
You speared me	1ps	2ps	rendering...
You speared us	1ppe	2ps	rendering...
Y'all speared me	1ps	2pp	rendering...
Y'all speared us	1ppe	2pp	rendering...

# Pluriform

You know the drill:

rendering...

(to see)

English	Object Person	Subject Person	Example
You saw me	1ps	2ps	rendering...
You saw us	1ppe	2ps	rendering...
Y'all saw me	1ps	2pp	rendering...
Y'all saw us	1ppe	2pp	rendering...

# 1p subject, 2p object

Lema	Person	Object Pronoun
You	2ps	rendering...
Y'all	2pp	rendering...

The quirk of this form are the 2p object prefixes. These prefixes fill the space normally reserved for -î- (-s-), but will not recieve any subject prefixes as with intransitive and 3p object verbs: (2p always gotta be different) 🙄

English	Subject Person	Object Person	Example
I saw you	1ps	2ps	rendering...
We saw you	1ppe	2ps	rendering...
I saw y'all	1ps	2pp	rendering...
We saw y'all	1ppe	2pp	rendering...

TIP

In this case, the subject pronoun Ixé and personal pronoun xe can equally be used as a 1ps subject pronoun. Pro drop is also an option.

The uniform and pluriform roots will behave exactly the same in this case, as the object prefix is taking the space which would normally see the -î- change to -s-.

WARNING

Especially in a pro drop situation, the 2ps object prefix oro- can look very similar to the 1ppe subject prefix oro-, but the way to tell is that there will be an object pronoun when it is 1ppe, and there will not be one when it is 2ps:

English	Subject Person	Object Person	Example
We saw it	1ppe	3p	rendering...
We saw you	1ppe	2ps	rendering...

Although they look similar, a transitive verb will never be without it's object. In the first example, a'e and -s- give away the fact that it's 1ppe. In the second example, the subject is ambiguous (xe/oré) but the object can only be 2ps because oro- is in the space of the object, not the subject.

# Negation

Let's take a look at the negated form real quick:

rendering...

(to go through puberty)

English	Person	Example
I	1ps	rendering...
You	2ps	rendering...
We (Exclusive)	1ppe	rendering...
We (Inclusive)	1ppi	rendering...
Y'all	2pp	rendering...
They	3p	rendering...

# Step 1 - First letter check

From the conjugated form (

rendering...

) we will add the negation prefix n'- if the first letter is a

vowel

or the semi-vowel î. Otherwise, the negation prefix will take the form of na, a negation particle.

TIP

We write na separate from the root out of convention, but the difference between the negation particle na verb and prefix n'verb is purely phonetic, they represent the same exact thing and are inseperable from the verb.

# Step 2 - Last letter check

If the last letter is i or î, it remains unchanged.

Verb Type	Root	Afirmative	Negative	Translation
1st class, intransitive	rendering... rendering...	rendering...	rendering...	It didn't fall
transitive, uniform	rendering... rendering...	rendering...	rendering...	We didn't cover it
transitive, pluriform	rendering... rendering...	rendering...	rendering...	They didn't move me away
2nd class, uniform	rendering... rendering...	rendering...	rendering...	They didn't lie
2nd class, pluriform	rendering... rendering...	rendering...	rendering...	They didn't forget

If it's a
vowel
rendering...
, then we add on the suffix -î

Verb Type	Root	Afirmative	Negative	Translation
1st class, intransitive	rendering... rendering...	rendering...	rendering...	He wasn't standing
transitive, uniform	rendering... rendering...	rendering...	rendering...	We didn't break your heads
transitive, pluriform	rendering... rendering...	rendering...	rendering...	Y'all don't visit us often
2nd class, uniform	rendering... rendering...	rendering...	rendering...	It didn't make sense
2nd class, pluriform	rendering... rendering...	rendering...	rendering...	Ya'll aren't widows

Otherwise, we add on the suffix -i

Verb Type	Root	Afirmative	Negative	Translation
1st class, intransitive	rendering... rendering...	rendering...	rendering...	You didn't sleep
transitive, uniform	rendering... rendering...	rendering...	rendering...	They didn't fight with us
transitive, pluriform	rendering... rendering...	rendering...	rendering...	I didn't bless you
2nd class, uniform	rendering... rendering...	rendering...	rendering...	It didn't make sense
2nd class, pluriform	rendering... rendering...	rendering...	rendering...	We didn't get lost

And there you have it, that's how you negate verbs in the indicative mood. Pat yourself on the back!

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